A–Z of Drug and Natural Remedies

In this section you will find general advice on buying and using home treatments safely, and an alphabetical list of all the drugs andnatural remedies that have been suggested as treatments for conditions. Each entry for a drug or remedy includes common brand names. Often, a generic product is available that is less expensive than a branded item. By necessity, only basic information can be provided here, so you should always refer to the full instructions supplied with the treatment, and talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you need further advice.

A wide range of medicines is available for home use without a doctor’s prescription, as well as many herbal and other natural remedies. Using these safely is an essential part of any home treatment. In this section, you will find information on drugs and natural remedies that have been included in articles in this book, but this is only a basic guide. The advice here is not intended to replace the guidance of medical professionals, so always consult a doctor or pharmacist if you need more information. It is also essential that you read and follow the instructions provided with any drug or remedy and pay particular attention to cautions.

How to use this section

Drugs and natural remedies are listed here alphabetically, and there are cross-references to them from the articles in which they are mentioned. Natural remedies are indicated by a leaf symbol and drug entries by a pill symbol.

At the beginning of each drug entry there is a list of selected common brands with the main ingredients of each brand given in brackets. Where a drug has several applications, the brands for different uses are shown.

Some basic instructions on method of use are provided, but details may vary from one product to another, so always refer to information supplied with the product. Common side effects, if any, are given. Under precautions, you will find concerns that apply when using the product, specific circumstances in which it should not be used, and a cross reference to the GENERAL CAUTIONS (below) when applicable.

General cautions

Although many of the medicines included here can be used safely by most people most of the time, there are situations when extra care is needed or when some treatments should be avoided entirely. Listed below are general cautions that apply when taking medicines and natural remedies. You should also read and follow the instructions and cautions included with the product.

● If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, consult a doctor or pharmacist before using any drug or remedy.

● Speak to your doctor or pharmacist before using a medicine if you have liver or kidney problems or any other chronic medical condition, such as a stomach ulcer, diabetes, heart disease, or high blood pressure. Drugs and remedies may have stronger or different effects because of a chronic illness.

● Before treating babies and children, make sure you are certain of the diagnosis and the suitability of the medicine. Check dosages for different age ranges. Consult your doctor or pharmacist first if you are in doubt about the treatment.

● If you are already taking prescribed medication, talk to your doctor before taking a new drug or remedy. Over-thecounter drugs and natural remedies can interact with each other and with prescribed medicines, sometimes with potentially harmful results. However, don’t stop taking prescribed medicine without first consulting your doctor.

● Store medicines and remedies in a cool, dry place, out of reach of children. Check expiration dates and dispose of any medicines and remedies that are out of date.

Using natural remedies safely

Although there is a huge variety of natural remedies available in pharmacies and health stores, only a small number appear in this book. Those that have been included have been selected on the basis that they have undergone medical testing and there is some evidence of their safety and effectiveness. The few exceptions are herbal teas and sleep remedies that may help and are unlikely to cause harm.

A concern when using natural remedies is that much of the evidence for them is anecdotal, and testing of them is usually less rigorous than for conventional drugs. In addition, quality and dosages are not regulated or standardized, so there is no guarantee of their strength, purity, and safety, and their effects cannot be predicted exactly. When buying natural remedies, always use a reputable supplier and make sure there are full instructions and warnings with the product. Observe these carefully and don’t exceed the recommended dose.

When taking any remedy, be aware that although many of them are derived from plants and have the label “natural” or “herbal,” they are not natural to the human body and can have effects that are as strong as those of conventional drugs. Natural remedies can also interact with other drugs and substances, such as alcohol. Cautions also apply in the same circumstances as conventional drugs (see GENERAL CAUTIONS, above).

ACETAMINOPHEN
COMMON BRANDS	FOR ADULTS: ● Tylenol ● Aspirin-Free Anacin ● Bayer Select Maximum Strength Headache Pain Formula FOR CHILDREN: ● Infants’ Tylenol Concentrated Drops (2–3 years) ● Children’s Tylenol Suspension Liquid (2–11 years) ● Junior Strength Tylenol Chewable Tablets (6–12 years)
COMMON BRANDS	Widely used analgesic for toothache, headache, earache, muscle pains, and to reduce fever. Suitable for people with stomach problems since less irritating than aspirin; also during breast-feeding because traces in breast milk are too small to harm a baby.
METHOD OF USE	Available as regular, soluble, or chewable tablets; or liquid medicine. When treating a child, be careful to choose the correct product for the child’s age (see COMMON BRANDS, above)
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t give to babies under 2 years, except on a doctor’s advice.
WARNING:	Don’t take with other drugs containing analgesics, such as cold remedies, due to risk of overdose. In case of possible overdose, seek immediate medical attention, even if you feel no ill effects. There is risk of delayed, serious liver damage. Do not drink alcohol while taking acetaminophen.

ALOE VERA
	The aloe plant (Aloe vera) is a centuries-old remedy for skin conditions such as sunburn and psoriasis. May help relieve pain and swelling and speed healing. Method of use: Available in skin creams, gels, and ointments. Apply as needed.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
COMMON BRANDS	● Certain Dri
COMMON BRANDS	Controls excessive sweating by blocking sweat ducts; use when other methods do not help.
METHOD OF USE	Available as roll-on applicator. Apply sparingly to clean, dry skin before going to bed. It will not wash off the next day, even if you bathe or shower. One application may prevent sweating for up to 3 days, or longer.
SIDE EFFECTS	Possible skin irritation. Stop using if this occurs.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use on irritated or broken skin, or near the eyes. Don’t use after shaving or using depilatories.

ANTACIDS
COMMON BRANDS	MIXTURES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: ● Maalox Quick Dissolve Chewable (calcium carbonate) ● Mylanta Antacid Gelcaps (calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide) ● Rolaids Antacid Tablets (calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide) WITH SIMETHICONE: ● Gas-X Extra Strength (calcium carbonate, simethicone) ● Maalox Liquid Antacid/Antigas (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone) ● Mylanta Antacid Anti-Gas Liquid (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone) ● Riopan Plus (magaldrate, simethicone)
COMMON BRANDS	Relieve indigestion or heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid. Contain compounds such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, or magnesium hydroxide, or combinations of these. Some also contain simethicone to absorb excess stomach gas.
METHOD OF USE	Available as hard or chewy tablets, carbonated drinks, or soothing liquids. Method of use varies; follow instructions on package.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Antacids can interfere with absorption of some drugs; check with a doctor or pharmacist before use if already taking other medicines.

ANTIDANDRUFF SHAMPOOS
COMMON BRANDS	● Neutrogena T/Gel (coal tar) ● Nizoral Shampoo (ketoconazole) ● Polytar AF (coal tar, pyrithione zinc) ● Selsun Blue (selenium sulfide) ● Sebulex (sulfur, salicylic acid) Selenium sulfide and pyrithione zinc shampoos reduce overgrowth of a type of fungus living on the scalp, a common cause of dandruff. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug, is very effective, often when other treatments don’t work. Coal tar shampoos reduce scaling, as does sulfur and salicylic acid which may also be used to treat cradle cap in babies.
METHOD OF USE	As directed. Beneficial effect may not be apparent for a few weeks.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, itching, irritation, or burning sensation on the scalp.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid eyes and inflamed or broken skin. Coal tar shampoos may stain blonde or gray hair; may also increase the risk of sunburn for up to 24 hours; protect your head from strong sunshine. See also GENERAL CAUTIONS, opposite page.

ANTIDIARRHEAL DRUGS
COMMON BRANDS	● Pepto Diarrhea Control (loperamide) ● Imodium (loperamide) Diarrhea is best left to run its course, but when essential, medicines may be taken as a short-term measure to slow bowel activity.
METHOD OF USE	Use as needed. Take the lowest dose that helps. Drink plenty of clear fluids to prevent dehydration.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Usually none; loperamide, however, may cause constipation, nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, or a rash.

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
COMMON BRANDS	RINGWORM AND ATHLETE’S FOOT: ● Lamisil (terbinafine) ● Micatin (miconazole) ● Lotrimin (clotrimazole) VAGINAL YEAST: ● Gyne-lotrimin (clotrimazole) ● Monistat (miconazole) Treat fungal conditions, such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, or vaginal yeast.
METHOD OF USE	Cream, powder, or spray powder for skin infections. As suppositories or cream (with applicator) for vaginal yeast. Wash hands after use.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, irritation and redness may occur; if severe, stop using and consult a doctor.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid eyes, nose, mouth, or broken or sensitive skin. Vaginal suppositories and creams may damage latex condoms and diaphragms.

ANTIHISTAMINE/DECONGESTANT EYE DROPS
COMMON BRANDS	● Aller-chlor (chlorpheniramine) ● Opcon A (pheniramine, naphazalone) ● Refresh (ketotifen) ● Visine A (pheniramine, naphazalone) Contain an antihistamine, pheniramine, and a decongestant, naphazalone. Act quickly to provide temporary relief of itchy, red, and watery eyes associated with hay fever and other causes of allergic conjunctivitis.
METHOD OF USE	Use as directed; usually 1 to 2 drops in the affected eye(s) up to 4 times a day.
SIDE EFFECTS	Some users may experience a brief tingling sensation in the eye.
PRECAUTIONS:	Remove contact lenses before use. Consult your doctor first if you have urinary problems or glaucoma.

ANTIHISTAMINES
COMMON BRANDS	NONSEDATING: ● Allegra (fexofenadine) ● Claritin (loratadine) ● Zyrtec (cetirizine) SEDATING: ● Benadryl (diphenhydramine) ● Phenergan (promethazine) Control allergic symptoms such as sneezing and runny nose. Also itchy eyes, and itchy and inflamed skin from insect bites or nettle rash. Sedative types can be used as a short-term sleeping aid.
METHOD OF USE	Pills and liquids taken as soon as allergic reaction occurs, or to prevent one. Some need to be taken several times a day; newer types usually only once a day.
SIDE EFFECTS	Older, sedating types may cause drowsiness for a few days. Newer nonsedating types less so, but caution needed.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take sedating types if driving or operating hazardous machinery.

ANTINAIL-BITING LOTIONS
COMMON BRANDS	● Orly No Bite ● Super Nail Bite No More Help stop nail biting. Contain bitter-tasting, but harmless, chemicals.
METHOD OF USE	Apply directly to nail surfaces. Use every day.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use on broken or sensitive skin, and avoid eyes and lips. Check instructions before use on children.

ASPIRIN (acetylsalicylic acid)
COMMON BRANDS	● Bayer ● Bufferin ● Anacin Relieves mild to moderate pain in conditions such as migraines, sore throat, toothache, and joint pain and inflammation. Reduces fever. Included in medicines for colds, flu, menstrual cramps, and joint and muscle aches.
METHOD OF USE	Coated or regular pills, or chewable pills. Take with or after food.
SIDE EFFECTS	Indigestion due to irritation of the stomach lining.
PRECAUTIONS:	Consult a doctor first if you have or have had asthma or a stomach disorder. Don’t use if you are allergic to aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs.
WARNING:	Before children and teenagers use this medication for chicken pox or flu syndromes, a doctor should be consulted about Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious illness reported to be associated with aspirin.

BAKING SODA
	Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate. It is commonly used in cooking. Can soothe itching and soreness.
METHOD OF USE	Add 4 tablespoons (or a teacup) to a bath two-thirds full of lukewarm water and soak for about 20 minutes. For soreness inside the mouth, add half a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to 1 cup (250 ml) of warm water to make a mouthwash.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

BENZOYL PEROXIDE
COMMON BRANDS	● Clearasil ● Oxy ● Stridex Preparations for mild or moderate acne reduce inflammation and bacteria and make skin less oily.
METHOD OF USE	Available as gels, lotions, or creams. Wash skin first. Start with low strength; move on to a higher strength only if needed.
SIDE EFFECTS	Skin may redden, peel, and become dry and irritated, but this normally resolves in a few days if treatment is stopped temporarily; if not, use less frequently; if severe, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t apply to damaged skin. Avoid eyes, lips, mouth, and lining of nose. Benzoyl peroxide can bleach hair and clothes.

CALAMINE LOTION
COMMON BRANDS	● Calamine Lotion Has a cooling effect and is used to soothe minor skin irritation and rashes.
METHOD OF USE	Method of use Available as lotion or cream. Apply as often as needed. Dab lotion on to skin with cotton balls and let dry.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Usually none

CALENDULA CREAM
	Creams prepared from extracts of pot marigold, or calendula (Calendula officinalis), traditionally used to soothe cuts, scrapes, and mild skin inflammation.
METHOD OF USE	Available in creams or lotions. Apply as directed on packet.
PRECAUTIONS:	Usually none

COAL TAR PREPARATIONS
COMMON BRANDS	CREAMS AND LOTIONS: ● Elta Tar ● Oxipor ● Psoriasin SHAMPOOS: ● Denorex ● Neutrogena T-Gel ● Pentrax ● Tegrin BATH ADDITIVES: ● Balnetar Therapeutic Tar Bath ● Cutar Water Dispersible Emollientar ● T/Derm Tar Emollient Used in conditions such as psoriasis to reduce inflammation and scaling. Available as a cream, lotion, shampoo, or bath additive.
METHOD OF USE	Apply cream or lotion to clean skin. Wash hands after use. Add products to a warm bath. Pat skin dry. Use shampoos as directed.
SIDE EFFECTS	Coal tar can irritate skin or cause a rash. If this occurs, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use on broken skin or inflamed or infected psoriasis. Avoid eyes and lining of nose and mouth. Avoid exposing skin to sunlight.

COLD AND FLU REMEDIES
COMMON BRANDS	● Actifed Cold and Sinus Caplets (acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan) ● Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold and Cough Liqui-Gels (acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan) ● Tylenol Flu Maximum Day Strength (acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, pseudoephedrine) ● Sudafed Multi-Symptom Cold & Cough (acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, guaifensin, pseudoephedrine) Help relieve headache, fever, sore throat, cough, and blocked nose or sinuses.
COMMON BRANDS	May contain an analgesic, such as acetaminophen, which also helps reduce fever; a decongestant, such as pseudoephedrine, to help unblock nose and sinuses; an antihistamine, such as chlorpheniramine (see opposite page), for a runny nose; cough suppressants, such as dextromethorphan; and expectorants, such as guaifenesin.
METHOD OF USE	Available as pills, liquid, or soluble powders.
SIDE EFFECTS	See entries for ingredients
WARNING:	Don’t take remedies containing analgesics with other analgesics due to risk of overdose. Don’t take remedies containing decongestants if you have taken MAOI antidepressants in the last 14 days.

CORN AND BLISTER BANDAGES
COMMON BRANDS	● Dr. Scholl’s Cushlin Gel Corn Wraps Non- Medicated ● Band-Aid Advanced Healing Blister Cushions ● Curad Advanced Blister Care Gel Bandages Dressings for blisters contain a substance that absorbs moisture to form a gel that cushions and protects. Types for corns and calluses also soften hard skin to aid removal. Blister ressings keep skin moist (helping it heal), and relieve pain and pressure.
METHOD OF USE	Choose bandage that covers whole area. Leave on until it comes off itself.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

COUGH SUPPRESSANTS
COMMON BRANDS	● Mucinex DM (guaifenesin, dextromethorphan) ● Hold (dextromethorphan) ● Robitussin DM (guaifenesin, dextromethorphan) Dextromethorphan remedies for a dry, irritating cough, not for coughs that produce mucus. Suppressants may also contain decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine.
METHOD OF USE	Usually liquids. Take as directed; for coughing at night, take at bedtime.
SIDE EFFECTS	Dextromethorphan may cause dizziness, nausea, or stomach upsets.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take with alcohol. If you are drowsy, don’t drive or use hazardous machinery. Consult doctor before use if you have glaucoma, or prostate, kidney, or liver problems.
WARNING:	Don’t take remedies containing decongestants if you have taken MAOI antidepressants in the last 14 days.

COUNTERIRRITANTS
COMMON BRANDS	● Icy Hot (methyl salicylate, menthol) ● Deep Heating (methyl salicylate, menthol) ● Flexa 11454 (menthol) ● Heet (methyl salicylate, camphor, oleoresin capsicum) ● Absorbine Jr. Pain Relieving Liquid (menthol) Produce a mild tingling in the skin to soothe pain and stiffness in muscles and joints temporarily.
COMMON BRANDS	Some products warm and increase blood flow to the area; others have a cooling effect.
METHOD OF USE	Massage cream or apply spray to the affected area. Wash hands after use.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, irritated or reddened skin; if affected, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid eyes and sensitive or broken skin.

CROMOLYN SODIUM
COMMON BRANDS	● Nasalcrom Nasal Spray Used to help prevent or relieve symptoms of hay fever and other allergic causes of runny nose. Cromolyn sodium works by preventing the release of histamine from the nasal lining which is responsible for causing symptoms of sneezing, itching and runny nose.
METHOD OF USE	For best results, start using a week or two before the start of the hay fever season and use continuously throughout the season.
SIDE EFFECTS	May briefly irritate lining of your nose and also cause sneezing, but this generally settles after a day or two of use.
PRECAUTIONS:	Do not use to treat a cold or sinus symptoms.

CYSTITIS PAIN RELIEF PREPARATIONS
COMMON BRANDS	· Uristat (phenazopyridine) · Azo (phenazopyridine) Helps relieve the pain and burning sensation associated with cystitis. Also helps relieve the urgent need to urinate. Phenazopyridine will not cure cystitis and provides only temporary relief. You may still need to see your doctor for treatment.
METHOD OF USE	Follow directions carefully. Usually, take 2 tablets 3 times a day, after meals as needed. Don’t take more than 12 tablets in 2 days.
SIDE EFFECTS	Possible headache, dizziness, stomach upset. Urine may turn red-orange or brown; this is harmless.
PRECAUTIONS:	Phenazopyridine is for temporary relief of cystitis symptoms. It is not an antibiotic and will not cure the infection.

DECONGESTANTS
COMMON BRANDS	Actifed Cold and Sinus (chlorpheniramine, pyrilamine, acetaminophen) Afrin Nasal Spray (oxymetazoline) Neo-Synephrine (phenylephrine) Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) Tylenol Allergy Sinus Medication (chlorpheniramine, pyrilamine, acetaminophen) Vicks Sinex (oxymetazoline) Fast-acting medications to help relieve nasal and sinus congestion due to of colds, sinusitis, and hay fever for up to 12 hours.
METHOD OF USE	Apply drops or spray directly into each nostril; with spray, sniff as vapor is released. Take pills and liquid medicine orally.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, stinging, itching, or sneezing may occur.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use sprays or drops continuously for more than 7 days. Consult a doctor if you are taking prescribed drugs or have diabetes, heart disease, or high blood pressure.
WARNING:	Don’t take decongestants if you have taken MAOI antidepressants in the last 14 days.

EARWAX DROPS
COMMON BRANDS	Murine Ear Wax Removal System Ear Drops (carbamide peroxide) ERO Ear Wax Removal Drops (carbamide peroxide) Bausch & Lomb Ear Wax Removal System (carbamide peroxide) Used to soften, loosen, and remove excess earwax.
METHOD OF USE	Tilt head and apply drops into ear. Treat one ear at a time, a few days apart.
SIDE EFFECTS	May cause brief “bubbling,” mild stinging, and irritation in the ear.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use if there is pain, inflammation, or damage in the ear, a burst eardrum, dizziness, or recurrent ear problems. For occasional use only.

ECHINACEA
	Herbal remedy believed to help the body fight infections. Used at the start of a cold, may help to reduce symptoms and speed recovery.
METHOD OF USE	Available as capsules, tea, fresh-pressed juice, or a tincture.
SIDE EFFECTS	Uncommon; the most likely problems are stomach upset and nausea.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use for more than 8 weeks; may worsen asthma or cause allergic reactions.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
	Essential fatty acids (EFAs), particularly omega-3 EFAs, help the body to form healthy cells and nerve tissue; may also help relieve depression and affect hormones that contribute to menstrual cramps and PMS.
METHOD OF USE	Found in foods, principally oily fish such as sardines and salmon; olive oil; walnuts; and flax seeds. Fish oil capsules are readily available, as is flaxseed oil.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none if EFAs are eaten as part of a balanced diet.
PRECAUTIONS:	None

ESSENTIAL OILS
	Eucalyptus, camphor, and menthol used externally for treating colds and blocked sinuses. Inhaling vapors helps unblock the nose and ease breathing.
METHOD OF USE	Oils, chest rubs, and lozenges. Inhale a few drops of oil placed on a tissue; at bedtime, place tissue inside the pillowcase. Apply a rub to the chest, throat, and back. Suck menthol lozenges to relieve a stuffed-up nose.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Never ingest essential oils. Some may not be suitable for children or for use during preganancy.

EYE LUBRICANTS
COMMON BRANDS	EYE DROPS: Artificial Tears (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) GenTeal (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) Systane (polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol) Tears Naturale (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) TheraTears (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) Lubricating and rewetting eye drops for contact lens wearers (sodium chloride) OINTMENT: Lacri-lube (mineral oil, white petrolatum) Drops and gels keep eyes moist and relieve itching and dryness. Ointment containing white petrolatum lubricates eyes at night.
METHOD OF USE	Wash hands before use. Apply inside lower eyelid. Keep droppers or nozzles away from eyeball or any other surfaces.
SIDE EFFECTS	Brief stinging or blurred vision.
PRECAUTIONS:	If vision is blurred, don’t drive or use hazardous machinery. Some eye drops contain chemicals that can damage contact lenses; never wear contact lenses when using ointment. Avoid using ointment in daytime as it may blur vision.

FEVERFEW
	Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a garden herb found by some people to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.
METHOD OF USE	Available as capsules, pills, leaf powder, or tea.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none; most likely problems are mouth inflammation or ulcers.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take if you are pregnant (may cause miscarriage) or breast-feeding.

FLATULENCE RELIEF
COMMON BRANDS	Gas-X (calcium carbonate, simethicone) Maalox Max (calcium carbonate, simethicone) Maalox Anti-Gas (simethicone) Flatulex (activated charcoal, simethicone) Simethicone breaks down bubbles of gas in stomach. Sometimes combined with an antacid or with charcoal in preparations to treat indigestion.
METHOD OF USE	As directed on package. Available as hard pills, chewable pills, and liquid.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Consult your doctor before giving flatulence relief preparations to a child.

GINGER
	Common spice and flavoring. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) may also help to prevent or relieve nausea in conditions such as motion sickness.
METHOD OF USE	Available as capsules, candies, or tea. Can be eaten fresh, crystallized, or powdered in capsules or tea. To help prevent motion sickness, take 30 minutes before journey.
SIDE EFFECTS	Brief heartburn or gas.
PRECAUTIONS:	None

GINKGO
	May improve circulation: in particular, blood flow in the brain to help relieve tinnitus.
METHOD OF USE	Available as pills, tincture, or capsules. Beneficial effects may take 4–6 weeks.
SIDE EFFECTS	Mild stomach upset or nausea may occur.
PRECAUTIONS:	May increase risk of bleeding. Don’t take with blood-thinning drugs, or if you are pregnant.

GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN
	Naturally occurring substances in cartilage covering bone ends in joints. In arthritis, supplements of either or both may help relieve pain, improve flexibility, and slow rate of damage.
METHOD OF USE	Usually taken as pills. Full effects may take at least a month; if there is no improvement after 10 weeks, stop using.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take glucosamine if you are allergic to shellfish. Consult a doctor before use with blood-thinning drugs such as warfarin.

H2-BLOCKERS
COMMON BRANDS	Pepcid (famotidine) Tagamet (cimetidine) Zantac (ranitidine) Reduce amounts of stomach acid to relieve occasional bouts of indigestion and heartburn. Especially useful if antacidshave not helped.
METHOD OF USE	Follow instructions carefully. Recommended only for short-term use (no more than 2 weeks).
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none; most likely problems are headaches, dizziness, stomach upsets, rash, and fatigue.
PRECAUTIONS:	Not usually recommended for children under 16.

HAIR BL
COMMON BRANDS	Jolen Creme Bleach (hydrogen peroxide) Mild bleach used to lighten facial or body hair and make it less noticeable against fair skin.
METHOD OF USE	Usually a cream supplied with ammonia to activate bleach. Mix and apply with a spatula. Use as directed on the packet.
SIDE EFFECTS	Irritation or allergic reaction may occur; test on a small area of skin. Wait for 24 hours to make sure there is no reaction.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use on broken or inflamed skin or near the eyes. Doesn’t use after taking a bath, since skin is sensitive, or expose treated areas to sunlight for 24 hours. Can stain clothing and furniture.

HAIR-REMOVAL PRODUCTS
COMMON BRANDS	Nair Neet Creams and mousses dissolve hair down to the roots. Wax and “sugaring” preparations pull out hairs, so effect lasts a couple of weeks.
METHOD OF USE	Creams applied with a spatula. Mousses sprayed on and then washed off. Waxes and sugars applied to clean, dry skin with hairs at least 1/4 in (5 mm) long; fabric strips applied and pulled off against direction of hair growth.
SIDE EFFECTS	Creams and mousses may cause irritation; if so, wash off immediately. Waxes and sugars may produce raised, red spots briefly.
PRECAUTIONS:	Can cause allergic reactions; test on small area first. Don’t use on irritated or broken skin, on moles or warts, or within 2 hours of bathing or sunbathing. Wait 24 hours before using deodorants or perfumes. Avoid waxes or sugars if you have diabetes.

HEAD LICE PREPARATIONS
COMMON BRANDS	Acticin (permethrin) Nix (permethrin) Rid (piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrum extract) Antiparasitic treatments for head lice infestations.
METHOD OF USE	Available as shampoos or lotions. Lotions are more effective than shampoos.
SIDE EFFECTS	Can irritate skin, causing redness and stinging.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid broken or infected skin, and eyes. Check suitability before using on small children or babies.

HEMORRHOID PREPARATIONS
COMMON BRANDS	Preparation H (glycerin, petrolatum, phenylephrine, shark liver oil) Tucks Hemorrhoid Pads with Witch Hazel Anusol HC-1 (hydrocortisone acetate) Some preparations contain hydrocortisone to relieve anal itching and inflammation, or phenylephrine to shrink swollen tissue. Witch hazel wipes are cooling and soothing. Cream preparations lubricate the area, making it easier to pass stools.
METHOD OF USE	Available as cream, ointment, suppositories, or pads. Clean and dry anal area before use. Wash hands before and afterward.
SIDE EFFECTS	May sting as they are applied.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use for more than 5–6 days, as may irritate anal skin; if hemorrhoids persist, see a doctor. Some brands unsuitable for children. Witch hazel pads are for external use only.

HERBAL SLEEPING REMEDIES
	Herbs such as valerian (Valeriana officinalis), hops (Humulus lupulus), passionflower (Passiflora incarnata), and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) are said to aid relaxation and sleep.
METHOD OF USE	Available as pills or liquid, taken at bedtime. Chamomile can be drunk as tea. Pillows stuffed with dried hops are also available. Try pills and liquids for only a few days at a time. If sleeping problem persists, consult a doctor.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

HERBAL TEAS
	Chamomile or fennel seed teas traditionally used to relieve indigestion, heartburn, or gas; ginger tea used for nausea and motion sickness; chamomile tea for insomnia (see HERBAL SLEEPING AIDS, above).
METHOD OF USE	Add boiling water to a teaspoon of herb, and brew for a few minutes. Don’t add milk.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

HYDROCORTISONE CREAM
COMMON BRANDS	Cortaid Lanacort Mild steroid cream reduces inflammation in noninfectious conditions, such as eczema, insect stings, and skin reactions to jewelry, plants, and toiletries. Also in some hemorrhoid preparations.
METHOD OF USE	Apply thinly as directed on packet. Don’t put dressings over treated area.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use for longer than a week. Don’t use on the face, genital area, or broken or infected skin. Don’t use on children under 2 years, unless on doctor’s advice.

IBUPROFEN
COMMON BRANDS	FOR ADULTS: Advil Motrin FOR CHILDREN: Children’s Motrin Suspension or chewable tablets (over 2 years old) Infants’ Motrin Concentrated Drops (6 months–2 years) Belongs to a group of medicines known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Widely used to treat muscle and joint pains, headaches, cold and flu symptoms (and fever), and menstrual cramps.
METHOD OF USE	Usually, pills for adults. Liquid or chewable tablets babies and children. Take after food to minimize stomach irritation.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually mild; most likely problems are nausea and indigestion from pills.
PRECAUTIONS:	Consult a doctor before using ibuprofen if you have or have had a peptic ulcer or asthma. Don’t take if you have had an allergic reaction to ibuprofen, aspirin, or similar drugs, or a worsening of asthma or allergic symptoms. Don’t give to babies under 6 months unless advised by a doctor. Discuss with your doctor before giving to children and babies.

INSECT BITE AND STING RELIEF
COMMON BRANDS	Benadryl (diphenhydramine) Americaine Topical Anesthetic First Aid Ointment (benzocaine) Nupercainal Cream (dibucaine) Contain an antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, to ease swelling and itching, or local anesthetic, such as benzocaine. Can also relieve nettle or jellyfish stings. Hydrocortisone cream (see above) can be used for bites and stings.
METHOD OF USE	Available as creams or ointments. Apply sparingly immediately.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none. If rash occurs, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t apply to large areas, or to broken or sunburned skin.

LACTASE SUPPLEMENTS
COMMON BRANDS	Lactaid May help people to overcome intolerance to milk or dairy products. Lactase helps to break down lactose sugar in the body so that it can be easily absorbed.
METHOD OF USE	Take before eating or drinking dairy products.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	See a doctor before use if you are diabetic or think a child has a food intolerance.

LANOLIN OINTMENT
COMMON BRANDS	Lansinoh Creams containing lanolin protect skin and soothe and heal sore and cracked nipples in breast-feeding women. Use only medical-grade lanolin products.
METHOD OF USE	Apply to nipples. Does not have to be wiped off before feeding baby.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

LAVENDER
	Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) is a traditional remedy that may help some people sleep.
METHOD OF USE	Add essential oil to a warm bath or put drops on a tissue and inhale. Place sachets of dried lavender in a pillowcase.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, skin irritation, nausea, and headache.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use lavender oil if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Never ingest essential oils.

LAXATIVES
COMMON BRANDS	BULK-FORMING FIBER SUPPLEMENTS: Citrucel (methylcellulose) Fibercon caplets (polycarbophil) Metamucil (psyllium) STIMULANT LAXATIVES: Ex-Lax (sennosides) Senokot (senna) Correctol (bisacodyl) Laxatives relieve constipation. Bulk-forming types help stools retain water, making them softer, bulkier, and easier to pass. Stimulant types make bowel muscles contract and speed the passage of feces.
METHOD OF USE	Fiber supplements as granules or powder, to be mixed with water and drunk; avoid taking at bedtime. Stimulant types are available as pills, powder, syrup, or as suppositories, normally taken at bedtime since they work overnight.
SIDE EFFECTS	Mild bloating and flatulence with bulk-forming types; mild abdominal discomfort just after taking stimulant types.
PRECAUTIONS:	Drink plenty of fluids with fiber supplements. Don’t use stimulant laxatives for more than 7 days at a time. Overuse may make bowels ineffective without them. Don’t use if you have another digestive disorder.

LIP CREAMS, BALMS, AND SALVES
COMMON BRANDS	Chapstick Blistex Neutrogena Lip Moisturizer Vaseline Intensive Care Lip Therapy Moisturize and soothe sore, chapped, and cracked lips and mouth. Petroleum-based products protect against dryness in cold weather. Ski protection types have a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher for use at high altitudes.
METHOD OF USE	Available as solid sticks, creams, ointments, or gels. Apply as needed.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use on broken skin.

LUBRICATING JELLY
COMMON BRANDS	LUBRICANTS: Astroglide K–Y Jelly VAGINAL MOISTURIZER: Replens Water-soluble lubricants applied to penis or vagina to ease dryness and soreness. Available as gels or vaginal moisturizers. Safe to use with condoms (unlike oil-based lubricants, such as petroleum jelly or baby oil, which can break down latex).
METHOD OF USE	Apply to vaginal entrance or penis prior to intercourse; longer-lasting vaginal moisturizers applied internally several times a week to provide continuous moisture.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use vaginal moisturizers during or just after pregnancy.

MIGRAINE REMEDIES
COMMON BRANDS	Excedrin Migraine (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine) Relieves the pain of migraine headache.
METHOD OF USE	Take 2 pills with a glass of water as soon as symptoms or aura begin to develop. Do not take more than 2 pills in 24 hours unless advised to do so by your doctor.
SIDE EFFECTS	See acetaminophen and aspirin.
PRECAUTIONS:	While taking, limit intake of drinks containing caffeine. Too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, and occasionally, palpitations.
WARNING:	Don’t take remedies containing analgesics with other analgesics due to risk of overdose. Children and teenagers should not use this medication for chicken pox or flu syndromes before a doctor is consulted about Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious illness reported to be associated with aspirin.

MINOXIDIL
COMMON BRANDS	Rogaine Regular Strength (for men and women) Rogaine Extra Strength (men only). May prevent hereditary hair loss or promote hair growth but must be used continuously to maintain effect. Works best on small areas in younger adults with recent hair loss. Extra-strength product available for more advanced hair loss. New growth may take a few months.
METHOD OF USE	Usually applied twice a day to clean, dry hair and scalp using pump spray or roll-on applicator. Massage lightly into scalp. Wash hands after use. Don’t exceed stated dose.
SIDE EFFECTS	Brief scalp irritation; if it persists, stop using. Hair loss may increase slightly at first.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid eyes and sensitive or broken skin.

MOISTURIZERS
COMMON BRANDS	UNBRANDED ITEMS: Water-based cream Emulsifying ointment COMMON BRANDS: Lubriderm Curel Lotion Jergens Moisturizer Wide range of moisturizers (emollients) to soothe, soften, and help the skin retain moisture. Preparations reduce dryness, itching, and scaling, and prevent cracking and infection in problems such as psoriasis and eczema.
METHOD OF USE	Apply as often as needed, particularly after washing. Use water-based cream or emulsifying ointment instead of soap for washing.
SIDE EFFECTS	Rarely, sensitivity to an ingredient; stop using and contact a doctor.
PRECAUTIONS:	None

MOTION SICKNESS PILLS
COMMON BRANDS	Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) Bonine (meclizine) Antivert (meclizine) Help prevent motion sickness if taken before traveling. Products contain an antihistamine drug such as dimenhydrinate or meclizine.
METHOD OF USE	Allow enough time for pills to take effect before you travel.
SIDE EFFECTS	Some types may cause drowsiness, a dry mouth, or blurred vision.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take with alcohol. If drowsy, don’t drive or use hazardous machinery.

MOUTH AND THROAT TREATMENTS
COMMON BRANDS	ANTISEPTICS: Listerine (thymol, eucalyptol, methylsalicylate, menthol) LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESICS: Dequacaine (benzocaine, dequalinium) Chloraseptic Sore Throat Lozenges (benzocaine, menthol) Chloraseptic Sore Throat Spray (phenol) Anbesol (benzocaine) Oragel Maximum Strength (benzocaine) CLEANSING MOUTH WASHES: Lavoris Scope BREATH FRESHENERS: Binaca Breath Spray Listerine Cool Mint Oral Care Strips Pocket Packs Various treatments for mouth and throat problems, such as bad breath, sore throat, or mouth ulcers. Those containing an antiseptic help sore areas to heal and prevent further infections. Local anesthetics such as benzocaine help relieve the pain associated with sore throat or mouth ulcers. Fresheners give breath a pleasant smell temporarily.
METHOD OF USE	Liquids used as a rinse or gargle; sprays or gels applied directly to sore areas. Throat lozenges and breath fresheners are sucked or dissolved on the tongue.
SIDE EFFECTS	Occasionally, irritation and soreness. Stop using if persists.
PRECAUTIONS:	Some products are not advised for children. Check package. Do not use products containing local anesthetics for more than 7 days unless directed to by your doctor or dentist.

OATMEAL PRODUCTS
COMMON BRANDS	Aveeno cream/moisturizing lotion/body wash/ foaming bath oil Help to soothe itchy skin caused by irritating and inflamed skin conditions.
METHOD OF USE	Available as bath oils or as creams or lotions applied directly to the skin. Lotions can be used instead of soap when washing. Add bath oils to a lukewarm bath; pat skin dry.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Oatmeal bath additives can make the bathtub slippery; be careful when getting in and out of the water.

OIL OF CLOVES
COMMON BRANDS	Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata) are traditionally used to relieve various problems, including toothache. Oil of cloves helps numb the tooth area.
METHOD OF USE	Apply a few drops to cotton balls and place directly on tooth. Keep the oil off the tongue since it may burn a little.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None

ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS
COMMON BRANDS	Pedialyte (dextrose, electrolytes) Rehydralyte (dextrose, electrolytes) Solutions that replace water, fluid, and salts lost from the body due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating.
METHOD OF USE	Available as ready-to-use solutions in a variety of flavors. Follow the directions carefully.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use more than 48 hours after opening the bottle.

PEPPERMINT OIL
	Helps relax the bowel muscle and relieve pain and bloating in irritable bowel syndrome.
METHOD OF USE	Available as entericcoated capsules, which are resistent to stomach acid, so that the peppermint oil is released into the bowel directly. Follow the directions carefully; usually, the capsules are taken about 30 minutes before a meal, 3 times a day.
SIDE EFFECTS	Using peppermint oil may cause heartburn.

PHYTOESTROGENS
	Natural plant chemicals, usually found in soy-based foods, that have a similar (but weaker) effect on the body as the female hormone estrogen. Also found in flaxseed. May help reduce menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes.
METHOD OF USE	Boost diet with soy beans, soy-based products, such as tofu or soy beans, and flaxseed bread.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none if products are taken as part of a normal diet.
PRECAUTIONS:	None

PINWORM TREATMENTS
COMMON BRANDS	Pin X (pyrantel) Reese’s Pinworm Caplets (pyrantel) Pyrantel works by paralyzing the worms, which are then passed in the stool.
METHOD OF USE	For adults and children over 2, pyrantel is available as a pill or liquid to take by mouth. It is usually taken as a single dose and may need to be repeated after 2–3 weeks to completely clear the infection.
SIDE EFFECTS	Not common, but can include stomach upset, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
PRECAUTIONS:	Consult a doctor if a baby has pinworms.

SALICYLIC ACID
COMMON BRANDS	Clear Away Wart Remover Compound W Liquid Dr. Scholl’s Corn Removers Premier Corn Cushions Salicylic acid softens hardened skin, such as calluses and corns, and warts, making them easier to remove. Available as liquids, gels, or ointments.
METHOD OF USE	Make sure area is clean and dry. Wart treatment can take up to 12 weeks.
SIDE EFFECTS	May cause mild soreness when first applied. If severe, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Avoid surrounding skin, broken or inflamed skin, moles, birth marks, warts with hair. Don’t use on the face or genitals. Consult a doctor before use if you have diabetes.

SALINE NOSE DROPS
	These contain a simple saline solution that moistens the lining of nasal passages and loosens thickened mucus, making it easier to clear nasal passages.
METHOD OF USE	Blow your nose first. Apply a few drops into each nostril. Hold your head back for a few minutes so that the drops run inside your nose.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	Throw unused drops away at end of treatment.

SAW PALMETTO
	A traditional remedy for men’s urinary problems made from berries of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). May improve urine flow and bladder emptying in men with benign (noncancerous) prostate gland enlargement.
METHOD OF USE	Extracts available as pills or capsules. Take as directed. May be several months before you notice an improvement.
SIDE EFFECTS	Can cause stomach upsets.
PRECAUTIONS:	Discuss with a doctor first if you have symptoms of prostate enlargement.

ST. JOHN’S WORT
	Preparations made from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) are used as a remedy for mild depression. Some studies suggest they are as effective for mild depression as some prescription medicines but have fewer side effects.
METHOD OF USE	Usually available as pills or capsules. It is advisable to consult a doctor first before treating yourself.
SIDE EFFECTS	Headaches, anxiety, and skin sensitivity to sunlight.
PRECAUTIONS:	Consult a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are taking any daily medication since St. John’s wort can interact with many drugs. Don’t use with antidepressants or birth control pills.

SUNSCREENS AND SUNBLOCKS
	Products designed to protect skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays in sunlight. Total sunblocks (containing zinc oxide or titanium dioxide) prevent all UV light from reaching your skin. Sunscreens are graded by sun protection factor (SPF); the higher the SPF, the greater the protection given.
METHOD OF USE	A sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 that protects against both UVA and UVB rays is recommended.
SIDE EFFECTS	Some preparations may irritate the skin.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t use sunscreens or sunblocks on a baby under 6 months old.

TEA TREE OIL
	Oil from the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) traditionally used as an antiseptic. Tea tree products may be used to treat mild skin irritations, acne, and infections, such as cold sores.
METHOD OF USE	Available as liquid that is applied to the skin.
SIDE EFFECTS	May cause allergic skin reactions in some people; if affected, stop using.
PRECAUTIONS:	Keep away from eyes, mouth, and sensitive skin.

VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
	Supplements of vitamin B6, or boosting the diet with foods rich in the vitamin, may help prevent PMS, and also cyclical breast pain and/or lumpiness. Method of use Available as capsules. May need to be taken for 2–3 months to benefit. Foods containing B6 include poultry, fish, eggs, soy, oats, whole-grain products, bananas, and nuts.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none.
PRECAUTIONS:	Don’t take more than 150mg per day of vitamin B6; high doses may cause nerve damage.

ZINC LOZENGES
	May shorten the duration of a cold if taken when symptoms first develop.
METHOD OF USE	Take the lozenges at the start of a cold. Stop when it has gone.
SIDE EFFECTS	May cause nausea and produce a bad taste in mouth.
PRECAUTIONS:	None

ZINC OXIDE CREAM
	Commonly used to treat diaper rash. Forms a moisture-repellent barrier that protects the baby’s skin from contact with urine.
METHOD OF USE	Apply to clean, dry skin at each diaper change.
SIDE EFFECTS	Usually none
PRECAUTIONS:	None